![]() ![]() These displays allow both the radiologist and clinician to move beyond the standard orthogonal imaging planes to gain a better understanding of the spatial relationships of structures within the body, carrying implications for the future of radiology, virtual surgical planning, simulation, and patient and family education. Head-mounted displays include virtual and augmented reality headsets, while free-standing three-dimensional displays include multiview flat panel and volumetric displays. The display technologies incorporating both stereoscopy and parallax come in two varieties: head mounted ( Movie, Fig 2A) and free standing. Figure 1:ĭistinguished from three-dimensional rendering, three-dimensional displays incorporate traditional rendering techniques, as well as stereoscopy and motion parallax. As many have noted, observer movement relative to the painting results in the illusion that Lisa’s eyes follow the viewer, a phenomenon referred to as the “Mona Lisa Effect,” reflecting the painting’s fixed perspective. ![]() Oil on poplar panel, Lisa Del Giocondo, 77 cm × 53 cm). Parallax describes the phenomenon whereby the relative positions of objects appear to change as one moves around a scene.įigure 1: Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa demonstrates depth and dimensionality by means of a combination of light, shading, and linear perspective (Da Vinci, L. Stereoscopy is the phenomenon whereby two images obtained from slightly different perspectives, when viewed by each eye and processed by the brain, produce a sense of depth and solidity. Two additional principles must be implemented to overcome these limitations: stereoscopy and motion parallax. While the images produced by these rendering techniques look realistic and convey an element of depth, they are limited by fixed perspective and depth ambiguity ( 2, 3) ( Fig 1). Traditionally, the depiction of a three-dimensional structure on a two-dimensional display uses the same techniques as Renaissance artists-namely, light, shade, and shadow. The success of these representations largely depends upon the level of realism achieved, leading modern three-dimensional imagers to look toward the art world for guidance. The interpretation of two-dimensional cross-sectional images can be challenging for physicians, patients, and families, and three-dimensional representations may improve understanding. ![]() The first intention of the painter is to make a flat surface display a body as if modeled and separated from this plane, and he who surpasses others in this skill deserves most praise. ![]()
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